<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"><channel><title><![CDATA[PhytoHub Blog]]></title><description><![CDATA[Articles by scientists collaborating to the PhytoHub database (www.phytohub.eu)]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/</link><image><url>http://blog.phytohub.eu/favicon.png</url><title>PhytoHub Blog</title><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/</link></image><generator>Ghost 4.2</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 06:34:08 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/rss/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><ttl>60</ttl><item><title><![CDATA[Phytochemicals at the bar!]]></title><description><![CDATA[<p>Phytochemicals are widely distributed among foods and beverages. Finding healthy food options when dining out can be challenging, and in this article, we aim to give you some tips about how to choose healthy food options rich in phytochemicals.</p><p>Firstly, the simplest rule to identify foods rich in phytochemicals is</p>]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/phytochemicals-at-the-bar-2/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">659eb0afbffc097227f4ace3</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Sara Castro Barquero]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 11 Jan 2024 12:45:17 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2024/01/pixabay.jpg" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2024/01/pixabay.jpg" alt="Phytochemicals at the bar!"><p>Phytochemicals are widely distributed among foods and beverages. Finding healthy food options when dining out can be challenging, and in this article, we aim to give you some tips about how to choose healthy food options rich in phytochemicals.</p><p>Firstly, the simplest rule to identify foods rich in phytochemicals is to choose plant-based foods, mainly fruits and vegetables, with bright and deep colours. Some examples are berries, orange, red grape, grapefruit, apple, tomatoe, spinach, carrot, olives, broccoli and cabbage, eggplant, leafy green, lettuce, among others. Other foods rich in phytochemicals are spices, such as cilantro, parsley, turmeric, garlic, ginger, as well as pulses and legumes, nuts and seeds, and whole grain products.</p><p>Secondly, choosing healthy fats, particularly extra virgin olive oil, walnuts, or avocado, is a good strategy to increase phytochemical intake. These foods rich in healthy fats can be incorporated into your meals as dressings or toppings for salads, soups, and desserts. The intake of extra virgin olive oil and nuts has been associated with several health benefits, including lower risk of cardiovascular disease, lower blood cholesterol levels, and reduced inflammation [1].</p><p>Thirdly, choosing whole grain cereals instead of refined options, including bread, rice, pasta, and derivates is a healthier option, which is lately more available in restaurants. Whole grain cereals are characterized by keeping all the parts from the cereal, including the bran, germ, and endosperm, which increase their nutritional value and nutrient content especially because of &#xA0;the richness of their outer envelope in phytochemicals . Thus, refined cereals have lower nutrient content, including for fibers, B vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Eating whole grains instead of refined cereals has been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some types of cancer, and digestive health [2].</p><p>Fourthly, replacing animal protein sources with plant-based protein sources, such as beans, pulses, nuts, and seeds, including chickpeas, lentils, beans, or soy products is a healthy and sustainable choice. Prioritizing plant-based sources of protein has been associated with several health benefits, including body weight management, lower risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, plant-based protein sources are healthier options for the environment, which production is associated with a lower impact on planetary health, including lower greenhouse gas emissions [3].</p><p>Fifthly, what should we drink? Coffee and tea are the main food sources of phytochemicals worldwide, including decaffeinated coffee and tea varieties &#xA0;[4]. Additionally, natural fruit juices are a source of phytochemicals, however, it&#x2019;s recommended to have whole fruit instead of juice as often as possible, because of the high absorption of sugars with fruit juice. Anyway, fruit juices remain a better option than sugar-sweetened beverages. Among alcoholic beverages, fermented alcoholic options, such as wine and beer, have a significant content of phytochemicals, particularly red wine. However, because alcohol is consistently associated with increased risk for cancer, and overall risk of death, its intake should be very limited. For men, it is generally recommended to limit alcohol intake to two drinks or fewer per day, preferably with meals, while for women, it is advised to limit it to one drink or fewer per day.</p><p>Lastly, a meal should be concluded with a dessert. The healthiest options are fresh fruit, fruit salad or options with dark chocolate (&gt;70% of cocoa). Dark chocolate is a source of phytochemicals, particularly (poly)phenols, and its intake has been associated with improvements in cardiovascular indicators, including blood pressure and glycaemic control, as well as improvements in brain function [5].</p><p>Enjoy a nourishing meal abundant in phytochemicals!</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Clasificación de los fitoquímicos presentes en nuestros alimentos]]></title><description><![CDATA[Se estima que en nuestra alimentación están presentes entre 1500 y 2000 fitoquímicos. La base de datos PhytoHub ha inventariado hasta ahora más de 1.350 compuestos diferentes. Por lo que, ha sido necesario establecer una clasificación para aclararse entre tantas moléculas.]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/clasificacion-de-los-fitoquimicos-presentes-en-nuestros-alimentos/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">63fcab9bbffc097227f4ac5c</guid><category><![CDATA[Español]]></category><category><![CDATA[fitoquímicos]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ana Maria Ruiz-Leon]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 02 Mar 2023 07:30:00 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/FoodPhyt_Phytochemicals-1.png" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote>Art&#xED;culo traducido del ingl&#xE9;s: <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-of-food-phytochemicals/">Classification of food phytochemicals </a></blockquote><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/FoodPhyt_Phytochemicals-1.png" alt="Clasificaci&#xF3;n de los fitoqu&#xED;micos presentes en nuestros alimentos"><p>Los <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">fitoqu&#xED;micos</a>, tambi&#xE9;n llamados microconstituyentes vegetales o metabolitos secundarios, son compuestos que no son esenciales para el crecimiento, la reproducci&#xF3;n o el desarrollo de las plantas. Sin embargo, les otorgan muchas ventajas: defensa frente a herb&#xED;voros o microorganismos infecciosos, protecci&#xF3;n frente a determinadas condiciones meteorol&#xF3;gicas, comunicaci&#xF3;n entre plantas, atracci&#xF3;n de insectos y aves polinizadoras, entre muchas otras. Son, por tanto, mol&#xE9;culas muy importantes, con caracter&#xED;sticas &#xFA;nicas. Sus estructuras qu&#xED;micas son muy variadas, desde simples (ej: timol), hasta mol&#xE9;culas muy complejas (ej: ginsen&#xF3;sido), que son casi imposibles de producir en el laboratorio.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/03/Tipos-de-fitoquimicos---Complejidad.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Clasificaci&#xF3;n de los fitoqu&#xED;micos presentes en nuestros alimentos" loading="lazy" width="819" height="555"></figure><p>Su distribuci&#xF3;n en el reino vegetal tambi&#xE9;n var&#xED;a. Algunos fitoqu&#xED;micos se encuentran pr&#xE1;cticamente en todas las plantas, mientras que otros pueden ser muy espec&#xED;ficos de una planta o familia bot&#xE1;nica que es portadora de los genes necesarios para fabricar el compuesto. Finalmente, cada planta comestible contiene una combinaci&#xF3;n &#xFA;nica de varias decenas o incluso cientos de fitoqu&#xED;micos. En total, <strong>se estima que en nuestra alimentaci&#xF3;n est&#xE1;n presentes entre 1500 y 2000 fitoqu&#xED;micos</strong>. La base de datos <a href="https://phytohub.eu/" rel="noreferrer noopener">PhytoHub</a> ha inventariado hasta ahora m&#xE1;s de 1.350 compuestos diferentes. Por lo que, ha sido necesario establecer una clasificaci&#xF3;n para aclararse entre tantas mol&#xE9;culas, y se han definido 3 clases principales de fitoqu&#xED;micos diet&#xE9;ticos:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/03/Tipos-de-fitoquimicos.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Clasificaci&#xF3;n de los fitoqu&#xED;micos presentes en nuestros alimentos" loading="lazy" width="558" height="626"></figure><ul><li>Los <strong>polifenoles</strong>,<strong> </strong>una familia muy amplia de mol&#xE9;culas, algunas de las cuales est&#xE1;n presentes en alimentos como los frutos rojos, los c&#xED;tricos, el t&#xE9;, el caf&#xE9; o el cacao... Hay varias subfamilias de polifenoles: flavonoides, lignanos, elagitaninos, cumarinas, &#xE1;cidos fen&#xF3;licos, estilbenos. Los polifenoles inicialmente despertaron mucho inter&#xE9;s debido a que su estructura qu&#xED;mica b&#xE1;sica les otorga capacidades antioxidantes. Pero ahora sabemos que muchos de ellos pueden llevar a cabo otras actividades biol&#xF3;gicas que ser&#xED;an las responsables de su papel en la prevenci&#xF3;n de patolog&#xED;as como las enfermedades cardiovasculares.</li><li>Los <strong>terpenos </strong>representan la segunda gran familia de microcomponentes vegetales. Los terpenos se dividen en subfamilias seg&#xFA;n el n&#xFA;mero de &#xE1;tomos de carbono presentes en la mol&#xE9;cula: monoterpenos (10 carbonos), sesquiterpenos (15 carbonos), diterpenos (20 carbonos), triterpenos (30 carbonos) y tetraterpenos, entre los que encontramos los carotenoides (40 carbonos). Entre los monoterpenos y sesquiterpenos es posible encontrar a los componentes responsables de los olores caracter&#xED;sticos de los aceites esenciales. Es el caso, por ejemplo, del olor de los c&#xED;tricos o de las hierbas arom&#xE1;ticas como el romero o el tomillo. Mientras que, los carotenoides son los responsables del color naranja o rojo de algunos alimentos (zanahorias, tomates), y varios de ellos pueden transformarse en vitamina A en el organismo humano.</li><li> Los <strong>compuestos nitrogenados</strong> son el origen de muchos f&#xE1;rmacos de gran inter&#xE9;s terap&#xE9;utico (por ejemplo, la morfina), pero tambi&#xE9;n tienen efectos nutricionales muy diversos. Este grupo de mol&#xE9;culas se caracteriza por la presencia de uno o m&#xE1;s &#xE1;tomos de nitr&#xF3;geno en su estructura qu&#xED;mica. Hay subfamilias: alcaloides, glucosinolatos, isotiocianatos, aminas y amino&#xE1;cidos. Entre los alcaloides m&#xE1;s famosos encontramos la cafe&#xED;na muy conocida por sus propiedades estimulantes del sistema cardiovascular y del sistema nervioso. Los glucosinolatos, presentes en la familia de las brasic&#xE1;ceas (col, br&#xF3;coli, mostaza), tienen actividad antiinflamatoria y son los responsables del sabor picante de estos alimentos. Adem&#xE1;s, estos compuestos est&#xE1;n siendo ampliamente estudiados por su potencial efecto preventivo frente a ciertos tipos de c&#xE1;ncer.</li></ul><p>Adem&#xE1;s de los polifenoles, los terpenos y los compuestos nitrogenados, existen muchos otros compuestos que pertenecen a familias m&#xE1;s minoritarias de fitoqu&#xED;micos (ej. fitoprostanos o tiosulfinatos).</p><p>Debido a su alta capacidad para interaccionar con las prote&#xED;nas fisiol&#xF3;gicas, los fitoqu&#xED;micos est&#xE1;n siendo actualmente objeto de muchas investigaciones destinadas a estudiar sus efectos sobre la salud humana. Algunos son ya bien conocidos, pero otros a&#xFA;n est&#xE1;n poco estudiados y los mecanismos por los que act&#xFA;an est&#xE1;n a&#xFA;n por dilucidar en la mayor&#xED;a de los casos.</p><p><strong>Para saber m&#xE1;s:</strong></p><ol><li>PhytoHub. Disponible en: <a href="https://phytohub.eu/">https://phytohub.eu/</a></li><li>Wu J, Cui S, Liu J, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, et al. Los avances recientes de los glucosinolatos y sus metabolitos: Metabolismo, funciones fisiol&#xF3;gicas y posibles estrategias de aplicaci&#xF3;n. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 7 de abril de 2022;0(0):1&#x2011;18.</li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Classification of food phytochemicals]]></title><description><![CDATA[<blockquote><a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-des-agents-phytochimiquespresents-dans-nos-aliments/">French version</a></blockquote><p>Plant<a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/"> secondary metabolites</a>, also called phytochemicals, are compounds that are not essential for plant growth, reproduction or development. However, they provide many benefits to plants: defense against herbivores or infectious microorganisms, protection against UV and extreme weather conditions, communication between plants, attraction of pollinating insects and birds, and</p>]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-of-food-phytochemicals/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">63f75e75bffc097227f4ac0a</guid><category><![CDATA[English]]></category><category><![CDATA[Phytochemicals]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ambre Touron]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 12:50:28 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/image-1.png" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-des-agents-phytochimiquespresents-dans-nos-aliments/">French version</a></blockquote><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/image-1.png" alt="Classification of food phytochemicals"><p>Plant<a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/"> secondary metabolites</a>, also called phytochemicals, are compounds that are not essential for plant growth, reproduction or development. However, they provide many benefits to plants: defense against herbivores or infectious microorganisms, protection against UV and extreme weather conditions, communication between plants, attraction of pollinating insects and birds, and many others. They are therefore very important molecules, with unique characteristics. Their chemical structures are very diverse, ranging from a simple skeleton (e.g. thymol) to very complex molecules (e.g. ginsenoside), which are almost impossible to produce in the laboratory.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/sch-ma-anglais-GIF.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Classification of food phytochemicals" loading="lazy" width="989" height="705"></figure><p>Their distribution in the plant kingdom also varies. Some phytochemicals are distributed in many plants, while others are very specific to a plant or botanical family that carries the genes needed to make the compound. Finally, each food plant contains a unique combination of several dozen or even hundreds of phytochemicals. In total, it is estimated that 1,500 to 2,000 phytochemicals are present in our diet. The PhytoHub database has so far inventoried more than 1,350 food phytochemicals. A classification was established in order to find our way through this complexity of molecules. Three main classes of food phytochemicals have been defined:</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/graph-gif.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Classification of food phytochemicals" loading="lazy" width="724" height="738"></figure><ul><li><strong>Polyphenols</strong>, which represent a very large family of molecules, some of which are present in many foods: red fruits, citrus fruits, tea, coffee, cocoa... Several subfamilies are found: flavonoids, lignans, ellagitanins, coumarins, phenolic acids, stilbenes. Polyphenols initially aroused a lot of interest because of their chemical structure conferring them some antioxidant capacities. But we know today that many of them can exert various other biological activities that are responsible for their beneficial role in preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases.</li><li><strong>Terpenes </strong>represent the second major family of phytochemicals. They are divided into subfamilies according to the number of carbon atoms present in the molecule: monoterpenes (10 carbons), sesquiterpenes (15 carbons), diterpenes (20 carbons), triterpenes (30 carbons) and tetraterpenes, among which we find the carotenoids (40 carbons). Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are the components of essential oils at the origin of their characteristic odour. Examples include the smell of citrus fruits or aromatic herbs such as rosemary or thyme. Carotenoids are responsible for the orange or red color of some of our foods (carrots, tomatoes...), and some of them can be transformed into Vitamin A in humans.</li><li><strong>Nitrogen-containing compounds</strong> form a family at the origin of many drugs of powerful therapeutic interest (e.g. morphine), but also containing compounds with milder nutritional effects. This category of molecules is characterized by the presence of one or more nitrogen atoms in the chemical structure. There are subfamilies: alkaloids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, amines and amino acids. Among the best-known alkaloids, we find caffeine, which is well known for its stimulating properties of the cardiovascular system and the nervous system. Glucosinolates, present in the Brassicaceae family (cabbage, broccoli, mustard), have anti-inflammatory activities and are responsible for the pungent flavor of these foods. In addition, these compounds are being studied for their preventive effect on certain cancers.</li></ul><p>Beyong polyphenols, terpenes and Nitrogen-containing compounds, there are many other compounds that belong to smaller families of phytochemicals (e.g. phytoprostanes, or thiosulfinates).</p><p>Because of their high bioactivity, phytochemicals are currently the subject of much research to decipher their effects on human health. Some are now well evaluated, but others are still poorly studied and the mechanisms by which they act remain to be elucidated in most cases.</p><h2 id="for-more-information"><strong><strong><strong>For more information:</strong></strong></strong></h2><ol><li>PhytoHub. Available on: https://phytohub.eu/</li><li>Wu J, Cui S, Liu J, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, et al. The recent advances of glucosinolates and their metabolites: Metabolism, physiological functions and potential application strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 7 avr 2022;0(0):1&#x2011;18.</li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Una planta, ¿esto qué es?]]></title><description><![CDATA[¿Sabemos qué es lo que da a las plantas sus propiedades terapéuticas y nutricionales?]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/una-planta-esto-que-es/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">63dbdb3fbffc097227f4ab98</guid><category><![CDATA[Español]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ana Maria Ruiz-Leon]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2023 16:01:21 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/Photo-ref-3.jpg" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote>Traducido del ingles: <strong><a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">A plant, what is this?</a></strong></blockquote><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/Photo-ref-3.jpg" alt="Una planta, &#xBF;esto qu&#xE9; es?"><p>Desde el principio de los tiempos, las plantas han sido una parte fundamental de la vida humana. Al inicio el hombre aprendi&#xF3; a diferenciar las plantas venenosas de las comestibles por su color, olor, forma y por la forma de sus frutos, para poder alimentarse. Con los a&#xF1;os, los humanos evolucionaron y su comportamiento cambio, dejaron de ser n&#xF3;madas y aprendieron a cultivar las plantas comestibles. Adem&#xE1;s, descubrieron que algunas plantas pod&#xED;an ser curativas. Este conocimiento se transmiti&#xF3; de generaci&#xF3;n en generaci&#xF3;n primero por v&#xED;a oral y m&#xE1;s tarde a trav&#xE9;s de la escritura. Los primeros textos escritos sobre el uso de las plantas se encontraron en las tablillas sumerias (Mesopotamia, 3.000 AC), que consideradas el inicio de la farmacia.</p><p>Pero, en la actualidad, &#xBF;sabemos qu&#xE9; es lo que da a las plantas sus propiedades terap&#xE9;uticas y nutricionales?</p><p>Las plantas est&#xE1;n compuestas principalmente por agua: entre un 80 y 95% de su masa, dependiendo de la especie. Sus otros dos componentes principales son los metabolitos primarios y secundarios.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/Spanish-graph.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Una planta, &#xBF;esto qu&#xE9; es?" loading="lazy" width="758" height="648"></figure><h3 id="metabolitos-primarios">Metabolitos primarios</h3><p>Los metabolitos primarios son compuestos esenciales para el desarrollo y crecimiento de las plantas, como los carbohidratos, los l&#xED;pidos o las prote&#xED;nas.</p><h3 id="metabolitos-secundarios">Metabolitos secundarios</h3><p>Los metabolitos secundarios son conocidos tambi&#xE9;n como fitoqu&#xED;micos. En este gran grupo est&#xE1;n incluidas varias familias de compuestos, entre ellos, los polifenoles, los compuestos nitrogenados y los terpenoides. No son esenciales para el crecimiento de las plantas, pero juegan un papel crucial en la relaci&#xF3;n de la planta con su entorno, por ejemplo, en la defensa de la planta contra los depredadores o para su protecci&#xF3;n frente a condiciones clim&#xE1;ticas extremas. Estos son algunos ejemplos:</p><ul><li><strong>Polifenoles </strong>(&#xE1;cidos hidroxicin&#xE1;micos y algunos flavonoides) se acumulan en las hojas y en las partes externas de la planta y la protegen de la radiaci&#xF3;n UV.</li><li><strong>Antocianinas </strong>son pigmentos que dan color a las flores, atrayendo insectos o p&#xE1;jaros y favoreciendo as&#xED; la polinizaci&#xF3;n.</li><li>Otras mol&#xE9;culas juegan un papel de se&#xF1;alizaci&#xF3;n. Por ejemplo, las leguminosas utilizan un tipo de fitoqu&#xED;micos espec&#xED;ficos, llamados <strong>flavonas</strong>, para atraer a las bacterias del suelo del g&#xE9;nero Rhizobium, ya que trav&#xE9;s de ellas adquieren la capacidad de fijar el nitr&#xF3;geno atmosf&#xE9;rico necesario para su crecimiento.</li><li><strong>Terpenoides </strong>se encuentran en los aceites esenciales, y gracias a su fuerte olor repelen algunos insectos. Dos ejemplos bien conocidos, son el geranial y el neral que se encuentran en la citronela (lemongrass) y son capaces de repeler los mosquitos.</li><li>Finalmente, los <strong>glucosinolatos </strong>presentes en algunas plantas son sustancias que tienen un sabor amargo o picante, lo que evita que el ganado se las coma.</li></ul><p>Adem&#xE1;s de estos numerosos beneficios para las plantas, se ha demostrado que los metabolitos secundarios tambi&#xE9;n pueden tener efectos en los humanos. Se piensa que algunos de estos compuestos vegetales, como los polifenoles, protegen contra diversas enfermedades, en particular enfermedades cardiovasculares y metab&#xF3;licas. Por el contrario, se cree que otros tipos de fitoqu&#xED;micos extremadamente potentes son responsables de la toxicidad de ciertas plantas. Un ejemplo hist&#xF3;rico es el de la cicutina o coniina, un alcaloide de la cicuta (<em>Conium maculatum</em>) venenoso, conocido por causar la muerte de S&#xF3;crates.</p><p>Por lo tanto, es fundamental conocer la gran diversidad de fitoqu&#xED;micos y su presencia en diferentes plantas para comprender mejor sus efectos en los humanos, ya sean beneficiosos o perjudiciales.</p><h3 id="para-saber-m%C3%A1s">Para saber m&#xE1;s:</h3><ol><li>Egbuna C, Kumar S, Ifemeje JC, Kurhekar JV. Phytochemistry: Volume 2: Pharmacognosy, Nanomedicine, and Contemporary Issues. CRC Press; 2018. 621 p.</li><li>Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants&#x2019; usage. Pharmacognosy Review. 2012;6(11):1&#x2011;5.</li><li>Usages : eau dans plantes. Disponible sur: https://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/doseau/decouv/usages/eauPlant.html</li><li>Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 4e &#xE9;d. Lavoisier; 2008. 1289 p.</li><li>Miller R, Owens SJ, R&#xF8;rslett B. Plants and colour: Flowers and pollination. Optics &amp; Laser Technology. 1 mars 2011;43(2):282&#x2011;94.</li><li>Majewska E, Kozlowska M, Gruszczynska-Sekowska E, Kowalska D, Tarnowska K. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil: extraction, composition, bioactivity and uses for food preservation - a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2019;69(4).</li><li>Bachheti RK, Worku LA, Gonfa YH, Zebeaman M, Deepti U, Pandey DP, et al. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4 juill 2022:21.</li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Una pianta, che cos’è?]]></title><description><![CDATA[<p></p><blockquote>Tradotto dall&#x2019;inglese: <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">A plant, what is this?</a></blockquote><p>Sin dalla notte dei tempi, le piante sono state parte integrante della vita umana. L&apos;uomo ha prima di tutto imparato a riconoscere una pianta velenosa da una commestibile dal colore, dall&apos;odore, dalla forma e dalla forma del</p>]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/una-pianta-che-cos-e/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">63dbcb4bbffc097227f4aaf2</guid><category><![CDATA[Italiano]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[Claudia Favari]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2023 15:42:20 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/Photo-ref-1.jpg" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/Photo-ref-1.jpg" alt="Una pianta, che cos&#x2019;&#xE8;?"><p></p><blockquote>Tradotto dall&#x2019;inglese: <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">A plant, what is this?</a></blockquote><p>Sin dalla notte dei tempi, le piante sono state parte integrante della vita umana. L&apos;uomo ha prima di tutto imparato a riconoscere una pianta velenosa da una commestibile dal colore, dall&apos;odore, dalla forma e dalla forma del suo frutto, per potersi nutrire. Nel tempo, gli umani si sono evoluti e le loro conoscenze sono cambiate: sono diventati sedentari e hanno imparato a coltivare piante commestibili. Hanno anche scoperto che le piante potevano curarli. Hanno trasmesso le loro conoscenze oralmente fino a quando non hanno imparato a scrivere. Le prime testimonianze scritte sull&apos;uso delle piante risalgono alla Mesopotamia (3000 a. C.) con le tavolette Sumere: sono gli inizi della farmacia.</p><p>Ma in definitiva, cos&apos;&#xE8; che conferisce alle piante le loro virt&#xF9; terapeutiche e nutritive?</p><p>Le piante sono composte principalmente da acqua: tra l&apos;80 e il 95% della loro massa totale, a seconda della specie. Poi, si trovano 2 tipi principali di molecole: metaboliti primari e metaboliti secondari.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/02/Italian-graph.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Una pianta, che cos&#x2019;&#xE8;?" loading="lazy" width="765" height="651"></figure><h2 id="metaboliti-primari">Metaboliti primari</h2><p>I<strong> </strong>metaboliti primari sono composti essenziali per lo sviluppo e la crescita delle piante. Includono carboidrati, lipidi e proteine.</p><h2 id="metaboliti-secondari">Metaboliti secondari</h2><p>I metaboliti secondari sono anche chiamati sostanze fitochimiche. Diverse famiglie appartengono a questa grande classe, inclusi polifenoli, composti contenenti azoto e terpenoidi. Questi metaboliti non sono essenziali per la crescita delle piante, ma svolgono un ruolo cruciale nel rapporto della pianta con il suo ambiente, ad esempio nella difesa della pianta dai predatori o nella sua protezione da condizioni meteorologiche estreme. Ecco alcuni esempi:</p><p>o I <strong>polifenoli</strong> (acidi idrossicinnamici e alcuni flavonoidi) si accumulano nelle foglie e nelle parti esterne della pianta e la proteggono dai raggi UV.</p><p>o Gli <strong>antociani</strong> sono pigmenti che conferiscono ai fiori il loro colore, attirando insetti o uccelli e favorendo cos&#xEC; l&apos;impollinazione.</p><p>o Altre molecole svolgono un ruolo di segnalazione. Ad esempio, i legumi utilizzano fitochimici specifici, chiamati <strong>flavoni</strong>, per attrarre i batteri del suolo del genere Rhizobium, e attraverso di essi acquisiscono la capacit&#xE0; di fissare l&apos;azoto atmosferico necessario alla loro crescita.</p><p>o I <strong>terpenoidi</strong> negli oli essenziali, grazie al loro forte odore, hanno un ruolo repellente nei confronti di alcuni insetti. Conosciamo bene l&apos;esempio del geraniale e del nerale nella citronella contro le zanzare.</p><p>o Infine, si dice che i <strong>glucosinolati</strong> amari o aspri svolgano un ruolo difensivo contro certi animali al pascolo.</p><p>Oltre a questi numerosi benefici per le piante, &#xE8; stato dimostrato che i metaboliti secondari possono avere effetti anche sull&apos;uomo. Si ritiene che alcuni composti presenti negli alimenti vegetali, come i polifenoli, proteggano da varie malattie, in particolare malattie cardiovascolari e metaboliche. Al contrario, si ritiene che altri tipi di sostanze fitochimiche estremamente potenti siano responsabili della tossicit&#xE0; di alcune piante. Un esempio storico &#xE8; quello della coniina, un alcaloide della cicuta velenosa (<em>Conium maculatum</em>), noto per aver causato la morte di Socrate.</p><p>&#xC8; quindi essenziale conoscere la grande diversit&#xE0; di sostanze fitochimiche e la loro presenza in diverse piante per comprendere meglio i loro effetti sull&apos;uomo, siano essi benefici o deleteri.</p><h3 id="per-ulteriori-informazioni">Per ulteriori informazioni:</h3><ol><li>Egbuna C, Kumar S, Ifemeje JC, Kurhekar JV. Phytochemistry: Volume 2: Pharmacognosy, Nanomedicine, and Contemporary Issues. CRC Press; 2018. 621 p.</li><li>Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants&#x2019; usage. Pharmacognosy Review. 2012;6(11):1&#x2011;5.</li><li>Usages&#x202F;: eau dans plantes. Disponible sur: https://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/doseau/decouv/usages/eauPlant.html</li><li>Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 4e &#xE9;d. Lavoisier; 2008. 1289 p.</li><li>Miller R, Owens SJ, R&#xF8;rslett B. Plants and colour: Flowers and pollination. Optics &amp; Laser Technology. 1 mars 2011;43(2):282&#x2011;94.</li><li>Majewska E, Kozlowska M, Gruszczynska-Sekowska E, Kowalska D, Tarnowska K. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil: extraction, composition, bioactivity and uses for food preservation - a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2019;69(4).</li><li>Bachheti RK, Worku LA, Gonfa YH, Zebeaman M, Deepti U, Pandey DP, et al. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4 juill 2022:21.</li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A plant, what is this?]]></title><description><![CDATA[<blockquote><a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/une-plante-cest-quoi/">French version</a> - <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/una-pianta-che-cos-e/">Italian version</a> - <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/una-planta-esto-que-es/">Spanish version</a></blockquote><p>Since the dawn of time, plants have been an integral part of human life. Man first learned to recognize a poisonous plant from an edible one by its colour, smell, shape and the shape of its fruit, in order to feed himself.</p>]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">63c655bfbffc097227f4aa63</guid><category><![CDATA[English]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ambre Touron]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2023 08:07:01 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/01/Photo-ref.jpg" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/une-plante-cest-quoi/">French version</a> - <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/una-pianta-che-cos-e/">Italian version</a> - <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/una-planta-esto-que-es/">Spanish version</a></blockquote><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/01/Photo-ref.jpg" alt="A plant, what is this?"><p>Since the dawn of time, plants have been an integral part of human life. Man first learned to recognize a poisonous plant from an edible one by its colour, smell, shape and the shape of its fruit, in order to feed himself. Over time, humans evolved and their knowledge changed: they became sedentary and learned to grow edible plants. They also discovered that plants could cure them. They passed on their knowledge orally until they learned to write. The first written records on the use of plants date back to the Mesopotamia (3,000 BC) with the Sumerian tablets: these are the beginning of pharmacy.</p><p>But ultimately, what is it that gives plants their therapeutic and nutritional virtues?</p><p>Plants are mainly composed of water: between 80 and 95% of their total mass, depending on species. Then, 2 main types of molecules are found: primary metabolites and secondary metabolites.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/01/sch-ma-gif.gif" class="kg-image" alt="A plant, what is this?" loading="lazy" width="854" height="733"></figure><h2 id="primary-metabolites">Primary metabolites </h2><p>Primary metabolites are compounds that are essential for the development and growth of plants. They include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.</p><h2 id="secondary-metabolites">Secondary metabolites </h2><p>Secondary metabolites are also called phytochemicals. Several families are found in this large class, including polyphenols, nitrogen-containing compounds and terpenoids. They are non-essential for plant growth, but play a crucial role in the plant&#x2019;s relationship with its environment, for example in the plant&#x2019;s defence against predators or its protection against extreme weather conditions. Here are some examples:</p><ul><li><strong>Polyphenols </strong>(hydroxycinnamic acids and some flavonoids) accumulate in the leaves and external parts of the plant and protect it from UV radiation.</li><li><strong>Anthocyanins </strong>are pigments that give the flowers their colour, attracting insects or birds and thus promoting pollination.</li><li>Others molecules play a signalling role. For example, legumes use specific phytochemicals, called <strong>flavones</strong>, to attract soil bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, and through them acquire the ability to fix the atmospheric nitrogen necessary for their growth.</li><li><strong>Terpenoids </strong>in essential oils, thanks to their strong odor, have a repulsive role towards certain insects. We are well aware of the example of geranial and neral in lemongrass against mosquitoes.</li><li>Finally, the bitter or pungent <strong>glucosinolates </strong>are said to play a defensive role against certain grazing animals.</li></ul><p>In addition to these numerous benefits for plants, it has been demonstrated that secondary metabolites can also have effects in humans. Some compounds from plant foods, such as polyphenols, are thought to protect against various diseases, particularly cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In contrast, other types of extremely potent phytochemicals are thought to be responsible for the toxicity of certain plants. A historical example is that of coniine, an alkaloid of poison hemlock (<em>Conium maculatum</em>), well-known for causing the death of Socrates.</p><p>It is therefore essential to know the great diversity of phytochemicals and their presence in different plants to better understand their effects in humans, whether beneficial or deleterious.</p><h2 id="for-more-information"><strong>For more information:</strong></h2><ol><li>Egbuna C, Kumar S, Ifemeje JC, Kurhekar JV. Phytochemistry: Volume 2: Pharmacognosy, Nanomedicine, and Contemporary Issues. CRC Press; 2018. 621 p.</li><li>Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants&#x2019; usage. Pharmacognosy Review. 2012;6(11):1&#x2011;5.</li><li>Usages&#x202F;: eau dans plantes. Disponible sur: https://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/doseau/decouv/usages/eauPlant.html</li><li>Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 4e &#xE9;d. Lavoisier; 2008. 1289 p.</li><li>Miller R, Owens SJ, R&#xF8;rslett B. Plants and colour: Flowers and pollination. Optics &amp; Laser Technology. 1 mars 2011;43(2):282&#x2011;94.</li><li>Majewska E, Kozlowska M, Gruszczynska-Sekowska E, Kowalska D, Tarnowska K. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil: extraction, composition, bioactivity and uses for food preservation - a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2019;69(4).</li><li>Bachheti RK, Worku LA, Gonfa YH, Zebeaman M, Deepti U, Pandey DP, et al. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4 juill 2022:21.</li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Classification des agents phytochimiques
présents dans nos aliments]]></title><description><![CDATA[<blockquote>Traduit de l&apos;<a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-of-food-phytochemicals/">Anglais</a> : <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-of-food-phytochemicals/">Classification of food phytochemicals</a></blockquote><p>Les micro-constituants v&#xE9;g&#xE9;taux, aussi appel&#xE9;s phytomicronutriments ou <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/une-plante-cest-quoi/">m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires</a>, sont des compos&#xE9;s non essentiels pour la croissance, la reproduction ou le d&#xE9;veloppement des plantes. Ils leur conf&#xE8;rent</p>]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-des-agents-phytochimiquespresents-dans-nos-aliments/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">63a0635dbffc097227f4aa13</guid><category><![CDATA[Français]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ambre Touron]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2022 13:18:26 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2022/12/image.png" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote>Traduit de l&apos;<a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-of-food-phytochemicals/">Anglais</a> : <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/classification-of-food-phytochemicals/">Classification of food phytochemicals</a></blockquote><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2022/12/image.png" alt="Classification des agents phytochimiques
pr&#xE9;sents dans nos aliments"><p>Les micro-constituants v&#xE9;g&#xE9;taux, aussi appel&#xE9;s phytomicronutriments ou <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/une-plante-cest-quoi/">m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires</a>, sont des compos&#xE9;s non essentiels pour la croissance, la reproduction ou le d&#xE9;veloppement des plantes. Ils leur conf&#xE8;rent cependant de nombreux avantages : d&#xE9;fense contre des herbivores ou des micro-organismes infectieux, protection vis-&#xE0;-vis de certaines conditions m&#xE9;t&#xE9;orologiques, communication entre les plantes, attraction des insectes et oiseaux pollinisateurs, et bien d&#x2019;autres. Ce sont donc des mol&#xE9;cules tr&#xE8;s importantes, avec des caract&#xE9;ristiques uniques. Leurs structures chimiques sont tr&#xE8;s vari&#xE9;es allant d&#x2019;un squelette simple (ex : thymol) &#xE0; des mol&#xE9;cules tr&#xE8;s complexes (ex : gins&#xE9;noside), qui sont presque impossibles &#xE0; produire en laboratoire.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/01/sch-ma-fran-ais-GIF.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Classification des agents phytochimiques
pr&#xE9;sents dans nos aliments" loading="lazy" width="973" height="704"></figure><p>Leur distribution dans le r&#xE8;gne v&#xE9;g&#xE9;tal varie aussi. Certains micro-constituants v&#xE9;g&#xE9;taux sont retrouv&#xE9;s dans de nombreuses plantes, alors que d&#x2019;autres peuvent &#xEA;tre tr&#xE8;s sp&#xE9;cifique d&#x2019;une plante ou d&#x2019;une famille botanique qui porte les g&#xE8;nes n&#xE9;cessaires &#xE0; la fabrication du compos&#xE9;. Finalement, chaque plante alimentaire contient une combinaison unique de plusieurs dizaines voire centaines de microconstituants v&#xE9;g&#xE9;taux. Au total on estime que 1500 &#xE0; 2000 phytomicronutriments seraient pr&#xE9;sents dans nos aliments. La base de donn&#xE9;es PhytoHub en a pour l&#x2019;instant inventori&#xE9; plus de 1350. Il a donc &#xE9;t&#xE9; n&#xE9;cessaire d&#x2019;&#xE9;tablir une classification afin de s&#x2019;y retrouver dans cette complexit&#xE9; de mol&#xE9;cules. Ainsi, 3 grandes classes de phytomicronutriments alimentaires ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; d&#xE9;finies :</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/01/Graph-fran-ais-GIF-1.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Classification des agents phytochimiques
pr&#xE9;sents dans nos aliments" loading="lazy" width="678" height="730"></figure><ul><li>Les <strong>polyph&#xE9;nols </strong>repr&#xE9;sentent une tr&#xE8;s vaste famille de mol&#xE9;cules dont certaines sont pr&#xE9;sentes dans de nombreux aliments : fruits rouges, agrumes, th&#xE9;, caf&#xE9;, cacao... Plusieurs sous-familles y sont retrouv&#xE9;es : les flavono&#xEF;des, les lignanes, les ellagitanins, les coumarines, les acides ph&#xE9;noliques, les stilb&#xE8;nes. Les polyph&#xE9;nols ont suscit&#xE9; au d&#xE9;part beaucoup d&#x2019;inter&#xEA;t en raison de leurs structure chimique de base leur conf&#xE9;rant des capacit&#xE9;s anti-oxydantes. Mais on sait aujourd&#x2019;hui que nombre d&#x2019;entre eux peuvent exercer diverses autres activit&#xE9;s biologiques qui seraient responsables de leur r&#xF4;le b&#xE9;n&#xE9;fique dans la pr&#xE9;vention de pathologies telles que les maladies cardiovasculaires.</li><li>Les <strong>terp&#xE8;nes </strong>repr&#xE9;sentent la deuxi&#xE8;me grande famille de microconstituants v&#xE9;g&#xE9;taux. Les terp&#xE8;nes sont r&#xE9;partis en sous-familles en fonction du nombre d&#x2019;atomes de carbone pr&#xE9;sents dans la mol&#xE9;cule : monoterp&#xE8;nes (10 carbones), sesquiterp&#xE8;nes (15 carbones), diterp&#xE8;nes (20 carbones), triterp&#xE8;nes (30 carbones) et t&#xE9;traterp&#xE8;nes, parmi lesquels on trouve les carot&#xE9;noides (40 carbones). Parmi les monoterp&#xE8;nes et sesquiterp&#xE8;nes, il est possible de retrouver les composants des huiles essentielles &#xE0; l&#x2019;origine de leurs odeurs caract&#xE9;ristiques. On pense par exemple &#xE0; l&#x2019;odeur des agrumes ou &#xE0; celle des herbes aromatiques telles que le romarin ou le thym. Les carot&#xE9;no&#xEF;des sont quant &#xE0; eux responsables de la couleur orang&#xE9;e ou rouge de certains de nos aliments (carotte, tomate), et plusieurs d&#x2019;entre eux peuvent &#xEA;tre transform&#xE9;s en Vitamine A chez l&#x2019;homme.</li><li>Les <strong>compos&#xE9;s contenant de l&#x2019;azote</strong> constituent une famille &#xE0; l&#x2019;origine de nombreux m&#xE9;dicaments d&#x2019;int&#xE9;r&#xEA;ts th&#xE9;rapeutiques puissants (ex : morphine), mais &#xE9;galement d&#x2019;effets nutritionnels tr&#xE8;s divers. Cette cat&#xE9;gorie de mol&#xE9;cule est caract&#xE9;ris&#xE9;e par la pr&#xE9;sence d&#x2019;un ou plusieurs atomes d&#x2019;azote dans la structure chimique. Il existe des sous-familles : les alcalo&#xEF;des, les glucosinolates, les isothiocyanates, les amines et les amino-acides. Parmi les alcalo&#xEF;des les plus c&#xE9;l&#xE8;bres, on retrouve la caf&#xE9;ine bien connue pour ses propri&#xE9;t&#xE9;s stimulantes du syst&#xE8;me cardiovasculaire et du syst&#xE8;me nerveux.<br>Les glucosinolates, pr&#xE9;sents dans la famille des Brassicac&#xE9;es (chou, &#xA0;broccoli, moutarde), poss&#xE8;dent quant &#xE0; eux des activit&#xE9;s anti-inflammatoires et sont responsables de la saveur piquante de ces aliments. Par ailleurs, ces compos&#xE9;s sont tr&#xE8;s &#xE9;tudi&#xE9;s pour leur effet pr&#xE9;ventifs de certains cancers.</li></ul><p>Du fait de leur forte r&#xE9;activit&#xE9; avec les prot&#xE9;ines physiologiques, &#xA0;les phytomicronutriments font actuellement l&#x2019;objet de nombreuses recherches visant &#xE0; &#xE9;tudier leurs effets sur la sant&#xE9; humaine. Certains sont bien &#xE9;valu&#xE9;s maintenant, mais d&#x2019;autres sont encore peu &#xE9;tudi&#xE9;s et les m&#xE9;canismes par lesquels ils agissent restent &#xE0; &#xE9;lucider dans la plupart des cas.</p><h2 id="pour-en-savoir-plus">Pour en savoir plus : </h2><ol><li>PhytoHub. . Disponible sur: https://phytohub.eu/</li><li>Wu J, Cui S, Liu J, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, et al. The recent advances of glucosinolates and their metabolites: Metabolism, physiological functions and potential application strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 7 avr 2022;0(0):1&#x2011;18.</li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Une plante, c’est quoi ?]]></title><description><![CDATA[<blockquote>Traduit de l&apos;<a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">Anglais</a> : <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">A plant, what is this?</a></blockquote><p>Depuis la nuit des temps, les plantes font partie int&#xE9;grante de la vie de l&#x2019;Homme. Il a d&#x2019;abord appris &#xE0; reconnaitre une plante toxique d&#x2019;une autre comestible en fonction de sa couleur,</p>]]></description><link>http://blog.phytohub.eu/une-plante-cest-quoi/</link><guid isPermaLink="false">63a05557bffc097227f4a98e</guid><category><![CDATA[Français]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[Ambre Touron]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2022 12:32:23 GMT</pubDate><media:content url="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2022/12/Photo-ref.jpg" medium="image"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote>Traduit de l&apos;<a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">Anglais</a> : <a href="http://blog.phytohub.eu/a-plant-what-is-this/">A plant, what is this?</a></blockquote><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2022/12/Photo-ref.jpg" alt="Une plante, c&#x2019;est quoi ?"><p>Depuis la nuit des temps, les plantes font partie int&#xE9;grante de la vie de l&#x2019;Homme. Il a d&#x2019;abord appris &#xE0; reconnaitre une plante toxique d&#x2019;une autre comestible en fonction de sa couleur, son odeur, sa forme et celle de ses fruits, dans le but de se nourrir. Avec le temps, l&#x2019;Homme a &#xE9;volu&#xE9; ainsi que ses connaissances : il est devenu s&#xE9;dentaire et a appris &#xE0; cultiver des plantes comestibles. Il a &#xE9;galement d&#xE9;couvert que les plantes pouvaient le soigner. Il a transmis son savoir de mani&#xE8;re orale jusqu&#x2019;&#xE0; ce qu&#x2019;il apprenne &#xE0; &#xE9;crire. Les premiers &#xE9;crits sur l&#x2019;utilisation des plantes remontent &#xE0; la M&#xE9;sopotamie (&#x2013; 3000) avec les plaquettes sum&#xE9;riennes : ce sont les d&#xE9;buts de la pharmacie.</p><p>Mais finalement qu&#x2019;est-ce qui conf&#xE8;re aux plantes leurs vertus th&#xE9;rapeutiques et nutritionnelles ?</p><p>Les plantes sont principalement compos&#xE9;es d&#x2019;eau : entre 80 et 95 % de leur masse totale, en fonction des esp&#xE8;ces. Ensuite 2 grands types de mol&#xE9;cules sont retrouv&#xE9;s : les m&#xE9;tabolites primaires et les m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires.</p><figure class="kg-card kg-image-card"><img src="http://blog.phytohub.eu/content/images/2023/01/sch-ma-fran-ais-1.gif" class="kg-image" alt="Une plante, c&#x2019;est quoi ?" loading="lazy" width="833" height="714"></figure><h2 id="les-m%C3%A9tabolites-primaires">Les m&#xE9;tabolites primaires </h2><p>Les m&#xE9;tabolites primaires sont des compos&#xE9;s indispensables au d&#xE9;veloppement et &#xE0; la croissance des plantes. Parmi eux, on trouve les glucides, les lipides et les prot&#xE9;ines.</p><h2 id="les-m%C3%A9tabolites-secondaires">Les m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires </h2><p>Les m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires sont &#xE9;galement appel&#xE9;s agents phytochimiques ou micro-constituants v&#xE9;g&#xE9;taux. Plusieurs familles sont retrouv&#xE9;es dans cette grande classe, notamment les polyph&#xE9;nols, les compos&#xE9;s contenant de l&#x2019;azote et les terp&#xE8;nes. Ce sont des compos&#xE9;s non essentiels pour la croissance des plantes, mais qui jouent un r&#xF4;le crucial pour ses relations avec son environnement, par exemple pour la d&#xE9;fense de la plante vis-&#xE0;-vis des pr&#xE9;dateurs ou sa protection contre des conditions m&#xE9;t&#xE9;orologiques extr&#xEA;mes. Voici quelques exemples :</p><ul><li>Les <strong>polyph&#xE9;nols </strong>(acides hydroxycinnamiques et certains flavono&#xEF;des) en s&#x2019;accumulant dans les feuilles et les parties externes de la plante lui conf&#xE8;rent une protection contre les rayonnements UV.</li><li> Les <strong>anthocyanes </strong>sont des pigments &#xE0; l&#x2019;origine de la coloration des fleurs, qui attirent les insectes ou les oiseaux et favorisent ainsi la pollinisation.</li><li>D&#x2019;autres mol&#xE9;cules encore jouent des r&#xF4;les de signaux. Ainsi les l&#xE9;gumineuses utilisent des m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires sp&#xE9;cifiques, des <strong>flavones</strong>, pour attirer des bact&#xE9;ries du sol, du genre Rhizobium, et acqu&#xE9;rir gr&#xE2;ce &#xE0; elles la capacit&#xE9; de fixer l&#x2019;azote atmosph&#xE9;rique n&#xE9;cessaire &#xE0; leur croissance.</li><li> Les <strong>terp&#xE8;nes </strong>des huiles essentielles, gr&#xE2;ce &#xE0; leur forte odeur, ont quant &#xE0; eux un r&#xF4;le r&#xE9;pulsif envers certains insectes. Nous connaissons bien l&#x2019;exemple du g&#xE9;ranial et du n&#xE9;ral de la citronnelle envers les moustiques.</li><li> Enfin, les <strong>glucosinolates </strong>au go&#xFB;t amer ou piquant joueraient un r&#xF4;le de d&#xE9;fense contre certains animaux brouteurs.</li></ul><p>En plus de ces nombreux avantages pour les plantes, il a &#xE9;t&#xE9; d&#xE9;montr&#xE9; que les m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires pouvaient aussi exercer des effets chez l&#x2019;Homme. Certains compos&#xE9;s des plantes alimentaires, comme les polyph&#xE9;nols, seraient protecteurs vis-&#xE0;-vis de diverses pathologies, notamment cardiovasculaires et m&#xE9;taboliques. A l&#x2019;oppos&#xE9;, d&#x2019;autres types de m&#xE9;tabolites secondaires extr&#xEA;mement puissants seraient responsables de la toxicit&#xE9; de certaines plantes. Un exemple historique est celui de la conine, un alcalo&#xEF;de de la grande cigu&#xEB;, bien connu pour avoir provoqu&#xE9; le d&#xE9;c&#xE8;s de Socrate.</p><p>Il est donc essentiel de connaitre la grande diversit&#xE9; des compos&#xE9;s phytochimiques, et leur pr&#xE9;sence dans les diff&#xE9;rentes plantes pour mieux comprendre leurs effets chez l&#x2019;Homme, qu&#x2019;ils soient b&#xE9;n&#xE9;fiques ou d&#xE9;l&#xE9;t&#xE8;res.</p><h2 id="pour-en-savoir-plus">Pour en savoir plus : </h2><ol><li>Egbuna C, Kumar S, Ifemeje JC, Kurhekar JV. Phytochemistry: Volume 2: Pharmacognosy, Nanomedicine, and Contemporary Issues. CRC Press; 2018. 621 p.</li><li>Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plants&#x2019; usage. Pharmacognosy Review. 2012;6(11):1&#x2011;5.</li><li>Usages&#x202F;: eau dans plantes. Disponible sur: https://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/doseau/decouv/usages/eauPlant.html</li><li>Bruneton J. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 4e &#xE9;d. Lavoisier; 2008. 1289 p.</li><li>Miller R, Owens SJ, R&#xF8;rslett B. Plants and colour: Flowers and pollination. Optics &amp; Laser Technology. 1 mars 2011;43(2):282&#x2011;94.</li><li>Majewska E, Kozlowska M, Gruszczynska-Sekowska E, Kowalska D, Tarnowska K. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil: extraction, composition, bioactivity and uses for food preservation - a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2019;69(4).</li><li>Bachheti RK, Worku LA, Gonfa YH, Zebeaman M, Deepti U, Pandey DP, et al. Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases with Plant Phytochemicals: A Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 4 juill 2022:21.</li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>